Research on the economic effects of illegal immigration is scant but existing studies suggest that the effects can be positive for the native population,[36][37] and for public coffers.[38][39] One 2015 study shows that "increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low-skilled labor markets, increasing unemployment of native low-skilled workers. Legalization, instead, decreases the unemployment rate of low-skilled natives and increases income per native." This is because the presence of illegal immigrants reduces the labor costs of employers, providing them more opportunities to create more jobs.[40]